Tirzepatide is a 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide that functions as a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. This first-in-class "twincretin" features a C20 fatty di-acid moiety for extended duration of action. Research demonstrates significant effects on metabolic parameters, glycemic control, and body composition.

Semaglutide is a 31-amino-acid glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist with 94% homology to native GLP-1. Modified with a C18 fatty di-acid chain attached via a spacer to the lysine at position 26, this modification enables extended half-life through albumin binding. Research has extensively studied its effects on glycemic control, appetite regulation, and body weight management.

Retatrutide is a novel 39-amino-acid triple hormone receptor agonist targeting GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors simultaneously. This triple agonist approach represents a new paradigm in metabolic research. Early studies have shown remarkable effects on body weight reduction and metabolic parameters, with Phase 2 trials demonstrating unprecedented efficacy in weight management research.