MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-C) is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome. As a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP), it represents a novel class of signaling molecules. Research has investigated its role in metabolic homeostasis, exercise mimetic effects, insulin sensitivity, and cellular stress responses. MOTS-c is considered a key regulator of the nuclear genome by mitochondria.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical coenzyme found in all living cells. As an essential cofactor for over 500 enzymatic reactions, NAD+ plays crucial roles in energy metabolism, DNA repair, gene expression, and cellular signaling. Research has extensively investigated age-related NAD+ decline and the potential benefits of NAD+ supplementation on cellular function, metabolism, and longevity pathways including sirtuins.

GHK-Cu (Copper peptide GHK-Cu, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine:copper(II)) is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. Levels decline significantly with age, from ~200 ng/mL at age 20 to ~80 ng/mL by age 60. Research has investigated its effects on collagen synthesis, wound healing, skin remodeling, antioxidant enzyme expression, and anti-inflammatory activity.